COURSE:M.A ENGLISH
SEMESTER:2
BATCH:2016-2018
ENROLMENT NO- 2069108420170010
SUBMITTED TO –SMT .S.B.GAEDI
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
MAHARAJA KRISHNAKUMARSINHJI BHAVNAGER UNIVERSITY
PARER NO-8
What is cultural Studies? Discuss impotence Features of cultural Studies.
Introduction:
As far as cultural studies concern , It has border meaning because we see from various perspective then an individual can know what actually it lies in the meaning.
Generally it means way of living life or it can also be said that the lifestyle of people and Matthew Arnold also quote about culture that it is a march towards perfection.
What is culture ?
Culture is derived from ‘latin’ word ‘cultura’. It means to ‘honour’ and perfect or protect. Culture is a symbolic communication culture is the style a system of knowledge share it by relatively large group of people.
Culture is the learners, behaviour of society subgroup.
What is cultural study?
Cultural studies is the science of understanding modern society. With an emphasis on politics, and power, culture studies and umbrella term used to look at the number of different subject.
Types of cultural studies :
1)British cultural materialism
2) new historicism
3)American multiculturalism
4) postmodernism and
5)popular culture postcolonial studies.
British cultural materialism.
Cultural studies is referred to as cultural materialism in Britain. Matthew Arnold redefined give of British culture.
Edward Tyler argue that culture and Civilization taken in its widest anthrographic sence is a complex whole which include knowledge belief arts, moral ,slow, custom, and any other capability and habit accurate by man as a member of society.
Cultural materialism begin in 1950 with the work of f. r. leavis and have any influence by Matthew Arnold Raymond Williams talk about attributes of working class and Elite class. There are no masses there are only way of seeing people masses.
Cultural materialism in literary theory and cultural studies traces its origin to the work of the left-wing literary critic Raymond Williams. Cultural studies referred to as “cultural Materialism” in Britain and it has a long tradition.
“Cultural materialism is an anthropological school of thought.”
Cultural materialism says that the best way to understand human culture is to examine material conditions. Cultural materialism makes analyses based in critical theory in the tradition of Frankfurt School.
In later 19th century Mathew Arnold sought to redefine the “givens” of British Culture. Cultural materialism furnished a leftist orientation critical of the aesthetic, formalism, ant historicism and a politicize common among the dominant post-war methods of academic literary criticism. Cultural materialism is also about culture or civilization.
Cultural studies emerged as a theoretical movement in the early 1980s along with new historicism, an American approach to early modern literature, with which it shares much common ground. The term was coined by Williams, who used it to describe a theoretical blending of leftist culture less and Marxist analysis, Cultural materialists deal with specific historical documents and attempt to analyze and recreate the zeitgeist of a political movement in history.
Ironically the threat to their project was mass culture. Raymond Williams applauded the richness of canonical forms of life. Williams viewed culture as a “productive Process”, part of the means of production and cultural materialism often identifies what he called “residual”, “emergent” and “oppositional” cultural elements following in the tradition of Herbert Marcuse. Antonio Gramsci and others, cultural materialists extend the class based analysis of traditional Marxism by means of an additional focus on marginalized.
Cultural Materialists analyze the process by which hegemonic forces in society appropriate canonical and historically important texts such as Shakespeare and Austen and utilize them in an attempt to validate or inscribe certain values on the cultural imaginary. Jonathan Dollimore and Alan Sinfield authors of political Shakespeare had considerable influence in the development of this movement and their book is considered to be a seminal text. They have identified four defining characteristics of cultural materialism as a theoretical device.
1. Historical Context
2. Close Textual Analysis
3. Political Commitment
4. Theoretical Method.
Cultural materialists also turned to the more humanistic and even spiritual insights of the great students of Rabelais and Dostoevsky, Russian Formalist Bakhtin especially his amplification of the dialogic form of meaning within narrative and class struggle; at once nonfactual and communal, individual and social Feminism was also important for cultural materialists in recognizing how seemingly “disinterested” thought is shaped by power structures such as patriarchy.
New Historicism:
New Historicism is a form of literary theory whose goal is to understand intellectual history through literature, and literature through its cultural context, which follows the 1950s field of history of idea and refers to itself as a form of "Cultural Poetics." It was first developed in the 1980s, primarily through the work of the critic and Harvard English Professor Stephan Greenblatt, and gained widespread influence in the 1990s. The term New Historicism was coined by Greenblatt when he "collected a bunch of essays and then, out of a kind of desperation to get the introduction done, I wrote that the essays represented something I called a ‘new historicism.’
American Multiculturalism:
American Multiculturalism in the , Ethnicity, Gender and Sexuality provides an interdisciplinary view of multicultural studies in the United States, addressing a wide range of topics that continue to define and shape this area of study.
This collection of essays responds to the need to open up a rich avenue for addressing current and continuing issues of race, gender, ethnicity, sexuality, cultural diversity, and education in their varied forms.
Substantial thematic overlaps are found between sections and essays, all of which are oriented toward a single broad objective: to develop new and different ways of addressing how multicultural issues, in their discursive sociocultural contexts, are inextricably linked to the operations of power. Power, as a site of resistance to which it invariably gives rise, is tacked from a perspective that attends to the complexities of America's history and politics.
American Indian Literature
Asian American Writer
African American Writer
Latina Writer.
African American Writer:
“In Shadow and act” 1964 novelist Ralph Evison argues that…
“ any viable theory of Negro American Culture obligates us to Fashion a more Adequate Theory of American culture as a Whole?
Popular culture or pop culture
Popular Culture is the entirety of attitudes, ideas, images, perspectives, and other phenomena that are within the mainstream of a given culture, especially Western culture of the early to mid-20th century and the emerging global mainstream of the late 20th and early 21st century.
Heavily influenced by mass media, this collection of ideas permeates the everyday lives of the society. The most common pop culture categories are: entertainment (movies, music, television, games), sports, news (as in people/places in news), politics, fashion/clothes, technology, and slang. Popular culture has a way of influencing an individual's attitudes towards certain topics.
Types of post – modern popular Culture :
1) Production Analysis
2) Textual Analysis
3) Historian Analysis
4) Audience Analysis
Conclusion :
Cultural studies began as a critical space for interdisciplinary analysis. While the critical pedigree has been highjacked to some extent, cultural studies, because of its interdisciplinary background, employs numerous methodologies such as textual analysis including semiotics, and discourse analysis. Other methods include content analysis, participant observation, limited ethnography, and psychoanalysis. Also, because it is interdisciplinary nature, cultural studies also utilizes various theories, from feminism and post-structuralism to post-colonialism and neo-marxism.
As such, one often finds the theory and method to be one in the same. That is, psychoanalysis or semiotics, the Barthes strain, can be both theory and method. A good place to start would be with the classics, The Cultural Studies Reader, Simon During ed., Routledge, 1993, and Cultural Studies.
Reference :
http://study.com/academy/lesson/cultural-studies-definition-theory-methodologies.html
http://study.com/academy/lesson/cultural-studies-definition-theory-methodologies.html
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