Khud chaak ker ke ghiribaan, zakhm si lete hain,
Aao ab khud he hijr ka jaam pi lete hain,
Aftaab ki gardish main mubtala hain tamaam siyare,
Hum bhi apne shab-o-roz teri yaad ke gird ji lete hain,
Tark-e-taluq ki naveed sunain un ko tou kis maqsad se?
Dil-o-jaan jo dete hain, woh haal-e-dil jaan bhi lete hain,
Perdesi pun ki ghariyon main se, yaadon ke iss khazanay se,
Hum lete hain kuch tou bus woh aik shaam hi lete hain,
Tearing our own gown apart, we sewed our wounds,
Come, let's go drink the wine of separation ourselves,
In the orbit of the sun, do all the planets revolve,
Let us also revolve our days around your memory,
What point in telling them the news of this relationship's ending,
Those who give their heart, know also the state of the heart,
From all the time in this foreign land, from all these beautiful memories,
If I had to choose one, I would choose the evening we spent together,
- Hassan Bin Fahim
Tuesday, April 25, 2017
Wednesday, April 19, 2017
Drama Of Idea
Drama
Transition of Drama of Action to Dram of Idea
Drama is the most ancient, popular and admired genre of literature. It is as old as the history of human being. Etymologically, the word Drama has been derived from Greek word DRAN or DRAO which mean TO ACT or To Do. The aforesaid meanings are indicating that drama is written to perform on stage trough action.
Change is universal phenomenon of this world. Same is the case with drama. If we study the drama of Greek, middle ages, Elizabethan period till 18th century, we observe various ups and downs, changes and variation in Drama. Behind these changes, there are many solid reasons such as social political economic and geographical upheavals in that specific society. Moreover, Industrialization, Scientific Development, and various others psychological and philosophical theories has made a great impact on society as well as on literature (Drama).
After the death of Shakespeare and his contemporaries drama in England suffered a decline for about tow centures. Even Congreve in the seventeenth and SHridan and Goldsmith in the eighteenth century, could not restore drama to the position which it held in Elizabethan age. However it was revived in the last decade of the nineteenth century and then there appeared dramatest who have now given it a respectable place in English Literature.
Two important factors were responsible for the revival of drama in 1890’s. One was the influence of Ibsen, the great Norwegian dramatis, under which the English dramatists like Bernard Shaw discussed serious social and moral problems in a calm and sensible way. The second was the cynical atmosphere prevailing at that time, which allowed men to treat the moral assumptions of the great Victorian age with frivolity and make polite fun of their conventionality, prudishness or smugness.
Henrik Ibsen, a great NOrvegian playwright gave new dimensions to drama and challenged the conventional morality and set pattern.He had taught men that the real dram amust deal with human emotions, with things which are near and dear to ordinary men and women. The new dramatists thus gave up the melodramatic romanticisiom and pseudo-classic remoteness of their predessors, and began to treat in their plays the actual English life, first of the aristocratic class, thenof the middle class and finally of the laboring class. This treatment of actual life made the drama more and more a drama of ideas which were for the most part, revoluntinoary, directed against past literary models, current social conventions and the prevailing morality of Victorian England. The new dramatist dealt mainly with the problem of sex , of labour and of youth, fighting against romantic love, capitalism and parental authority which were the characteristic features of Victorianism. The characters in their plays are constantly questioning restless and dissatisfied. Youngmen struggle to throw off the trammels of the Victorian prejudice. Following the example of Nora, the heroin in Ibsen’s A Doll’s House, who leaves her dull domineering husband who seeks to crush her personality and keep her permanently in a child like, irresponsible state, the young women in these plays join eagerly the Fiminsit movement and glory in a new-found liberty. Influenced by the philosophies of Schopenhauer and the psychological theory of Segment Freud, Modern dramatist no longer held love or relation between the sexes as something sacred or romantic as their forefathers did. They looked upon it as a as a biological phenomenor directed by nature, or the Life Force as Benard Shaw calls it.
In the new drama of idea, where a number of theories had to be propounded and explained, action became slow and frequently interrupted. . Moreover, inner conflict was substituted for out conflict, with the result that drama became quieter than the romantic drama of the previous years. The new researchers in the field of Psychology helped the dramatist in the study of SOUL for the expression of which they had to resor to symbols. By means of Symbolism the dramatist could raise the darks and even sordid themes to artistic levels. The emphasis on the inner conflict led some of the modern dramatists to make their protagonists not men but unseen forces, thereby making wider and larger and sphere of drama.
"Drama of Ideas", pioneered by George Bernard Shaw, is a type of discussion play in which the clash of ideas and hostile ideologies reveals the most acute problems of social and personal morality. In a Drama of Ideas there is a little action but discussion. Characters are only the vehicles of ideas. The conflict which is the essence of drama is reached through the opposing ideas of different characters. The aim of Drama of Ideas is to educate people through entertainment.
Arms and the Man is an excellent example of the Drama of Ideas. Here very little happens except discussion. The plot is built up with dynamic and unconventional ideas regarding war and love. Shaw criticizes the romantic notion of war and love prevailing in the contemporary society. Unlike the conventional comedies, here characters are engaged in lengthy discussion and thus bring out ideas contrary to each other.
Ibsen and then Shaw, Galsworthy and Granville Barker were the chief exponents of this realistic drama of ideas.
To Shaw, drama was preeminently a medium for articulating his own ideas and philosophy. He enunciated the philosophy of life force which he sought to disseminate through his dramas. Thus Shavian plays are the vehicles for the transportation of ideas, however, propagandizing they may be. Shaw wanted to cast his ideas through discussions.
Out of the discussions in the play ARMS AND THE MAN, Shaw breaks the idols of love and war. The iconoclast Shaw pulls down all false gods which men live, love admire and adore. By a clever juxtaposition of characters and dialogues, Shaw smashes the romantic illusions about war and war heroes. Shaw’s message is that war is no longer a thing of banners and glory, as the nineteenth century dramatist saw but a dull and sordid affair of brutal strength and cruel planning out. The dialogues of Bluntschli, Riana and Sergius go to preach this message with great success. Here to quote Sergius who says, “War is a hollow sham like love.” One thing however be remembered that in Arms and The Man, Mr. Shaw does not, as some imagine attack war. He is not Tolstoy an in the least. What he does is to denounce the sentimental illusion that gathers around war. “Fight if you will”, says he ‘but for goodness’ sake don’t strike picturesque attitudes in the limelight about it. View it as one of the desperately irrational things of life that may, however, in certain circumstances be a brutal necessity. Bluntschli is the very mouth piece of the play that exposes the dreamful reality of war. There is a lot of learning in the disillusionment of Riana and Sergius.
But this is not the whole message Shaw intends to convey through his Arms and The Man. In the play he has taken a realistic view not only of war and heroism but of love and marriage. He has taken a realistic view of life as a whole. He has blown away the halo of romance that surrounds human life as a whole. His message in this play is, therefore, the destruction not only of the conventional conception of the heroic soldier but of the romantic view of marriage, nay, of life as a whole. He pleads for judging everything concerning human life from a purely realistic point of view. This is the message he conveys through the play, Arms and The Man. The hero Bluntschli here serves the mouth piece of the author. He is the postal of level -headedness that sees through emptiness of romantic love and romantic heroism. He towers about all others and shatters all the pet theories and so called high ideas, and converts Raina and Sergius to his own views and succeeds in life because he faces facts and his no romantic illusions about him.
Further, as all the propaganda plays go Arms and The Manlacks action and instead of action it contains plenty of dramatic dialogues. It is not a lie if we say that Arms and The Man is a perfect combination of the elements of action and ‘discussion’. The conversation between Raina and Captain Bluntschli, for example in the act-I, is extremely lively and through the mouth of the chocolate cream soldier. Shaw gives expression to his own heresies about the glories of warfare. The fugitive soldier talks to the universality of the flaying instinct, but his talk is not an end in itself. He argues only with a view to persuading Raina to give him shelter and to protect him from the raids of Bulgarian soldiers. Thus there is not a scrap of discussion for the sake of discussion. The action of the drama require that Raina’s hatred of a cowardly should be disarmed, her romantic notions blasted and sympathy and pity aroused. As soon as this end has been achieved, the tired soldier drops down fast asleep. He instinctively realizes that he has become Riana’s poor dear; and there is no need for further argument.
……..
Shavian drama primarily deals with ideas, using characters as spokespersons and dialogues/situations as polemical. Arms and the Man is a celebrated example of the Shavian drama of ideas. The play aims to satirize the long-cherished conventions of love and romance on the one hand, and those of soldiering and heroism on the other. The victorious Bulgarian cavalry-charge led by Sergius Saranoff against the Serbian artillery at the battle of Slivnitza which makes him "the hero of Slivnitza" is actually a gross act of romantic adventurism. Sergius's heroism makes Raina, his betrothed Petkoff daughter, and her mother instantly ecstatic, but Sergius fails to get promoted in the army because his act of adventurism is rightly looked upon as a piece of amateurish idiocy. The Shavian protagonist in the play, Bluntschli, who enters Raina's bed-chamber secretly, explains Sergius's ludicrous suicidal bid to the young romantic girl who gathers from the professional soldier what the realities of war actually are. Raina's "soul's hero" Sergius and the fugitive Serbian artillery-man, Bluntschli, are a pair of contrasted characters to highlight the conflict of the two ideas/attitudes to war, heroism, soldiering and patriotism. Sergius, Raina, Major Petkoff and Catherine are all men and women inclined to the conventional ideas of heroism, adventurism and patriotism. Bluntschli serves as a typical Shavian ideologue to argue his way in his characteristic serio-comical manner to lead the entire romantic-sentimental host to disillusionment. Raina gradually discovers that Sergius is as much an adventurist in the domain of soldiering as he is a hypocrite in the domain of love. He is found as making secret overtures to the Petkoff house-maid, Louka, behind Raina's back. Louka, an example of a new woman, is very clever and ambitious to trap Sergius in love and marriage. At the end of the play, Raina righly chooses to marry her "chocolate-cream soldier" Bluntschli, and rejects the foolishly and falsely romantic Sergius Saranoff. The play can also be seen as a problem play on the Ibsenian model. The play presents, analyzes and sarcastically exposes the problems relating to love, relationships and marriage, problems relating to patriotism, heroism and soldiering. Characters represent contrary and confronting ideas; dialogues and situations underscore the problems and the conflicting trajectories. The whole play does have a strong purpose of criticism and reformation.
Sunday, April 16, 2017
urdu poetry, urdu shayari, sad shayari, urdu sms
Be-dum huye bimaar davaa kyun nahin dete,
Tum achey maseeha ho shifaa kyun nahin dete,
Dard e shab e hijraan ki jazaa kyun nahin dete,
Khuun-e-dil-e-vehshi ka silaa kyun nahin dete,
Mitt jaye gi makhluuq to insaaf karo ge,
Munsif ho to ab hashar uthaa kyun nahin dete,
Haan nukta-varo laao lab-o-dil ki gavaahi,
Haan naghma-gaaro saaz-e-sadaa kyun nahin dete,
Paimaan-e-junuun hathon ko sharmaaye ga kab tak,
Dil walo garebaan kaa pata kyun nahin dete,
Barbaadi-e-dil jabr nahin “faiz” kisi ka,
Woh dushman-e-jaan hai to bhulaa kyun nahin dete.
****************************************
Sunday, April 9, 2017
Punjabi Tappe: dil utte sada naa likh ke
dil utte sada naa likh ke,
tu rab nu bhula dai apne,
boli ishq di aape sikh ke,
boli bhulni bhul gaiyaan,
tu ravi paar aaja soniyo,
ranjha ranjha kerdi rul gaiyaan,
ranjhe di jutti peeli aai,
menu kuri oh chaidi,
jisdi akh thori neeli aai,
pul thalay wadi naali aai,
parre sutto tusi goriyan nu,
tere sajan di akh kaali aai,
On your heart write our name,
Forget your own god,
By learning the language of love,
Forgetting a language, I have forgotten,
Come over the river Ravi oh beloved,
Saying your name - I have destroyed myself,
Ranjha's shoe is yellow in color,
I want that girl to be my lover,
Whose eyes have a little blue in them,
Beneath the bridge there is a large stream,
Sit aside all your white girls,
Your beloved has eyes black in color,
- Hassan Bin Fahim
parre sutto tusi goriyan nu,
tere sajan di akh kaali aai,
On your heart write our name,
Forget your own god,
By learning the language of love,
Forgetting a language, I have forgotten,
Come over the river Ravi oh beloved,
Saying your name - I have destroyed myself,
Ranjha's shoe is yellow in color,
I want that girl to be my lover,
Whose eyes have a little blue in them,
Beneath the bridge there is a large stream,
Sit aside all your white girls,
Your beloved has eyes black in color,
- Hassan Bin Fahim
Thursday, April 6, 2017
Assignment What is cultural Studies? Discuss impotence Features of cultural Studies.
COURSE:M.A ENGLISH
SEMESTER:2
BATCH:2016-2018
ENROLMENT NO- 2069108420170010
SUBMITTED TO –SMT .S.B.GAEDI
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
MAHARAJA KRISHNAKUMARSINHJI BHAVNAGER UNIVERSITY
PARER NO-8
What is cultural Studies? Discuss impotence Features of cultural Studies.
Introduction:
As far as cultural studies concern , It has border meaning because we see from various perspective then an individual can know what actually it lies in the meaning.
Generally it means way of living life or it can also be said that the lifestyle of people and Matthew Arnold also quote about culture that it is a march towards perfection.
What is culture ?
Culture is derived from ‘latin’ word ‘cultura’. It means to ‘honour’ and perfect or protect. Culture is a symbolic communication culture is the style a system of knowledge share it by relatively large group of people.
Culture is the learners, behaviour of society subgroup.
What is cultural study?
Cultural studies is the science of understanding modern society. With an emphasis on politics, and power, culture studies and umbrella term used to look at the number of different subject.
Types of cultural studies :
1)British cultural materialism
2) new historicism
3)American multiculturalism
4) postmodernism and
5)popular culture postcolonial studies.
British cultural materialism.
Cultural studies is referred to as cultural materialism in Britain. Matthew Arnold redefined give of British culture.
Edward Tyler argue that culture and Civilization taken in its widest anthrographic sence is a complex whole which include knowledge belief arts, moral ,slow, custom, and any other capability and habit accurate by man as a member of society.
Cultural materialism begin in 1950 with the work of f. r. leavis and have any influence by Matthew Arnold Raymond Williams talk about attributes of working class and Elite class. There are no masses there are only way of seeing people masses.
Cultural materialism in literary theory and cultural studies traces its origin to the work of the left-wing literary critic Raymond Williams. Cultural studies referred to as “cultural Materialism” in Britain and it has a long tradition.
“Cultural materialism is an anthropological school of thought.”
Cultural materialism says that the best way to understand human culture is to examine material conditions. Cultural materialism makes analyses based in critical theory in the tradition of Frankfurt School.
In later 19th century Mathew Arnold sought to redefine the “givens” of British Culture. Cultural materialism furnished a leftist orientation critical of the aesthetic, formalism, ant historicism and a politicize common among the dominant post-war methods of academic literary criticism. Cultural materialism is also about culture or civilization.
Cultural studies emerged as a theoretical movement in the early 1980s along with new historicism, an American approach to early modern literature, with which it shares much common ground. The term was coined by Williams, who used it to describe a theoretical blending of leftist culture less and Marxist analysis, Cultural materialists deal with specific historical documents and attempt to analyze and recreate the zeitgeist of a political movement in history.
Ironically the threat to their project was mass culture. Raymond Williams applauded the richness of canonical forms of life. Williams viewed culture as a “productive Process”, part of the means of production and cultural materialism often identifies what he called “residual”, “emergent” and “oppositional” cultural elements following in the tradition of Herbert Marcuse. Antonio Gramsci and others, cultural materialists extend the class based analysis of traditional Marxism by means of an additional focus on marginalized.
Cultural Materialists analyze the process by which hegemonic forces in society appropriate canonical and historically important texts such as Shakespeare and Austen and utilize them in an attempt to validate or inscribe certain values on the cultural imaginary. Jonathan Dollimore and Alan Sinfield authors of political Shakespeare had considerable influence in the development of this movement and their book is considered to be a seminal text. They have identified four defining characteristics of cultural materialism as a theoretical device.
1. Historical Context
2. Close Textual Analysis
3. Political Commitment
4. Theoretical Method.
Cultural materialists also turned to the more humanistic and even spiritual insights of the great students of Rabelais and Dostoevsky, Russian Formalist Bakhtin especially his amplification of the dialogic form of meaning within narrative and class struggle; at once nonfactual and communal, individual and social Feminism was also important for cultural materialists in recognizing how seemingly “disinterested” thought is shaped by power structures such as patriarchy.
New Historicism:
New Historicism is a form of literary theory whose goal is to understand intellectual history through literature, and literature through its cultural context, which follows the 1950s field of history of idea and refers to itself as a form of "Cultural Poetics." It was first developed in the 1980s, primarily through the work of the critic and Harvard English Professor Stephan Greenblatt, and gained widespread influence in the 1990s. The term New Historicism was coined by Greenblatt when he "collected a bunch of essays and then, out of a kind of desperation to get the introduction done, I wrote that the essays represented something I called a ‘new historicism.’
American Multiculturalism:
American Multiculturalism in the , Ethnicity, Gender and Sexuality provides an interdisciplinary view of multicultural studies in the United States, addressing a wide range of topics that continue to define and shape this area of study.
This collection of essays responds to the need to open up a rich avenue for addressing current and continuing issues of race, gender, ethnicity, sexuality, cultural diversity, and education in their varied forms.
Substantial thematic overlaps are found between sections and essays, all of which are oriented toward a single broad objective: to develop new and different ways of addressing how multicultural issues, in their discursive sociocultural contexts, are inextricably linked to the operations of power. Power, as a site of resistance to which it invariably gives rise, is tacked from a perspective that attends to the complexities of America's history and politics.
American Indian Literature
Asian American Writer
African American Writer
Latina Writer.
African American Writer:
“In Shadow and act” 1964 novelist Ralph Evison argues that…
“ any viable theory of Negro American Culture obligates us to Fashion a more Adequate Theory of American culture as a Whole?
Popular culture or pop culture
Popular Culture is the entirety of attitudes, ideas, images, perspectives, and other phenomena that are within the mainstream of a given culture, especially Western culture of the early to mid-20th century and the emerging global mainstream of the late 20th and early 21st century.
Heavily influenced by mass media, this collection of ideas permeates the everyday lives of the society. The most common pop culture categories are: entertainment (movies, music, television, games), sports, news (as in people/places in news), politics, fashion/clothes, technology, and slang. Popular culture has a way of influencing an individual's attitudes towards certain topics.
Types of post – modern popular Culture :
1) Production Analysis
2) Textual Analysis
3) Historian Analysis
4) Audience Analysis
Conclusion :
Cultural studies began as a critical space for interdisciplinary analysis. While the critical pedigree has been highjacked to some extent, cultural studies, because of its interdisciplinary background, employs numerous methodologies such as textual analysis including semiotics, and discourse analysis. Other methods include content analysis, participant observation, limited ethnography, and psychoanalysis. Also, because it is interdisciplinary nature, cultural studies also utilizes various theories, from feminism and post-structuralism to post-colonialism and neo-marxism.
As such, one often finds the theory and method to be one in the same. That is, psychoanalysis or semiotics, the Barthes strain, can be both theory and method. A good place to start would be with the classics, The Cultural Studies Reader, Simon During ed., Routledge, 1993, and Cultural Studies.
Reference :
http://study.com/academy/lesson/cultural-studies-definition-theory-methodologies.html
http://study.com/academy/lesson/cultural-studies-definition-theory-methodologies.html
Assignment Give Historical Summary of Social Political of the Victorian Age.
COURSE:M.A ENGLISH
SEMESTER:2
BATCH:2016-2018
ENROLMENT NO- 2069108420170010
SUBMITTED TO –SMT .S.B.GAEDI
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
MAHARAJA KRISHNAKUMARSINHJI BHAVNAGER UNIVERSITY
PARER NO-6 Give Historical Summary of Social Political of the Victorian Age.
What is Victorian Age?
Introduction:
The Victorian era was the period of Queen Victoria's reign, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. It was a long period of peace, prosperity, "refined sensibilities" and national self-confidence for the United Kingdom.
In Queen Victoria ascended the throne of Great Britain and Ireland and succeeded William the IV. She served for a period of 64 years, till her death in 1901 and it is one of the longest reigns in the history of England.
The period was marked by many important social and historical changes that altered the nation in many ways. The population nearly doubled, the British Empire expanded exponentially and technological and industrial progress helped Britain become the most powerful country in the world.
Victoria's death, indicates the dramatic transition from a way of life based on the ownership of land to a modern urban economy. England experienced an enormous increase in wealth, but rapid and unregulated industrialization brought a host of social and economic problems.
Some writers such as Thomas applauded England’s progress, while others such as Mathew Arnold felt the abandonment of traditional rhythms of life exacted a terrible price in human happiness.
The early Victorian period saw the opening of Britain’s first railway and its first Reform Parliament, but it was also a time of economic distress. The Reform Bill of 1832 extended voting privileges to men of the lower middle classes and redistributing parliamentary representation more fairly. Yet the economic and social difficulties associated with industrialization made the 1830s
and 1840s a “Time of Troubles,” characterized by unemployment, desperate poverty, and rioting. The Chartists, an organization of workers, helped create an atmosphere open to further reform. The “condition of England” became a central topic for novelists including Charles Kingsley, Elizabeth Gaskell, and Benjamin Disraeli in the 1840s and early 1850s.
Although the mid- Victorian period (1848–70) was not free of harassing problems, it was a time of prosperity, optimism, and stability. The achievements of modern industry and science were celebrated at the Great Exhibition in Hyde Park (1851). Enormous investments of people, money, and technology created the British Empire. Many English people saw the expansion of empire as a moral responsibility, and missionary societies flourished. At the same time, however, there was increasing debate about religious belief. The Church of England had evolved into three major divisions, with conflicting beliefs about religious practice. There were also rationalist challenges to religion from philosophy (especially Utilitarianism) and science (especially biology and geology). Both the infallibility of the Bible and the stature of the human species in the universe were increasingly called into question.
In the later period (1870–1901) the costs of Empire became increasingly apparent, and England was confronted with growing threats to its military and economic preeminence. A variety of socialist movements gained force, some influenced by the revolutionary theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The literature of the 1890s is characterized by self-conscious melancholy and aestheticism, but also saw the beginnings of the modernist movement.
The extreme inequities between men and women stimulated a debate about women’s roles known as “The Woman Question.” Women were denied the right to vote or hold political office throughout the period, but gradually won significant rights such as custody of minor children and the ownership of property in marriage.
By the end of Victoria’s reign, women could take degrees at twelve universities. Hundreds of thousands of working-class women labored at factory jobs under appalling conditions, and many were driven into prostitution. While John Stuart Mill argued that the “nature of women” was an artificial thing, most male authors preferred to claim that women had a special nature fitting them for domestic duties.
Literacy increased significantly in the period, and publishers could bring out more material more cheaply than ever before. The most significant development in publishing was the growth of the periodical. Novels and long works of non-fiction were published in serial form, fostering a distinctive sense of a community of readers.
Victorian novels seek to represent a large and comprehensive social world, constructing a tension between social conditions and the aspirations of the hero or heroine. Writing in the shadow of Romanticism, the Victorians developed a poetry of mood and character.
Victorian poetry tends to be pictorial, and often uses sound to convey meaning. The theater, a flourishing and popular institution throughout the period, was transformed in the 1890s by the comic masterpieces of George Bernard Shaw and Oscar Wilde. Very different from each other, both took aim at Victorian pretense and hypocrisy.
Chief Characteristics of Victorian Period
While the country saw economic progress, poverty and exploitation were also equally a part of it. The gap between the rich and the poor increased significantly and the drive for material and commercial success was seen to propagate a kind of a moral decay in the society itself.
The changing landscape of the country was another concern. While the earlier phase of Romanticism saw a celebration of the country side and the rich landscape of the flora and fauna, the Victorian era saw a changing of the landscape to one of burgeoning industries and factories.
While the poor were exploited for their labor, the period witnessed the rise of the bourgeoisie or the middle class due to increasing trade between Britain and its colonies and the Reform Bill of 1832 strengthen their hold. There was also a shift from the Romantic ideals of the previous age towards a more realistic acceptance and depiction of society.
One of the most important factors that defined the age was its stress on morality. Strict societal codes were enforced and certain activities were openly looked down upon. These codes were even harsher for women. A feminine code of conduct was levied on them which described every aspect of their being from the proper apparels to how to converse, everything had rules.
The role of women was mostly that of being angels of the house and restricted to domestic confines. Professionally very few options were available to them as a woman could either become a governess or a teacher in rich households. Hence they were financially dependent on their husbands and fathers and it led to a commercialization of the institution of marriage.
Ø Victorian age of social systems :
The Victorian Era was the region in social system in the age Victoria Queen it was a change in conformity result class system, in England class lower class so previous will be no way so stressed socialist.
The Victorian Era was the region in social system in the age Victoria Queen it was a change in conformity result class system, in England class lower class so previous will be no way so stressed socialist.
Ø Their who inherited wealth to the industrial revolution countryside jobs turn into factory jobs people like a farmer begin moving to and working in skill definition as a citizen and economic view on flowers format due to the Rapid growth of the day was a large population and job work in Disney factories.
Social system in Victorian age can be seen in movie for example only Oliver Twist great expectation and Mrs. brown Oliver Twist is our and struggle he faces survive in Victorian England Iran with school upper classmen running in shoreline for profit.
Social system in Victorian age can be seen in movie for example only Oliver Twist great expectation and Mrs. brown Oliver Twist is our and struggle he faces survive in Victorian England Iran with school upper classmen running in shoreline for profit.
Ø The Orphan on expected to work in our bed property only one gets punished when asking for more food and fashion the authority of this powerful male he is in French to whom it is expected to be servant be constructed mistress only Oliver away to London where he is now one of the many Orphan on the street another half an hour selling end designing author Oliver Become part of peace .
Ø Really common but incorrect lifestyle of day by day survival in Victorian society that is hardly a Desire to see past the economic status is the individual person there is one man who adopt all over and treat them with respect and dignity Breaking the normally exclusionary social class system on life of Oliver Twist show us on fairness of the class system is he is a treat a servant and commodity in is living situations but the liberated one great expectation how wealth and status to find in society during .
Ø The Victorian Era violet true identity be on the status is written talking into consideration is poor and fall in love with the wealthy is while being bad the grasshopper class the value of other money and exploitation.
Society way you wall define looping started in together common living boy At least into vision Valley one day trip comes into Fortune Windows live here the poor circumstances to leave as an upper class with gentleman. he sees the privilege the correctness people being able to do whatever they want district social, factors influence behavior value display in class able to see the similarities between everyone realize having a luxury life.
Society way you wall define looping started in together common living boy At least into vision Valley one day trip comes into Fortune Windows live here the poor circumstances to leave as an upper class with gentleman. he sees the privilege the correctness people being able to do whatever they want district social, factors influence behavior value display in class able to see the similarities between everyone realize having a luxury life.
Ø other classes especially the poor all the Queen Victoria was unable to co-op in Victorian England social status anteaters where definite no matter there circumstances the upper classes having extravagant party wilder lower classes are struggling survival social class.
The lives of the aristocrats:
The aristocrats where the reach member of society and often didn't have to work because of its base point that reading socializing playing game and doing other think like a chess playing cricket all the things that could also of Education private tutor where Oxford Advanced materials and the number of books available to them where the aristocracy also on many fine things they would have had big house is shining jewelry mountains of food can imaging.
The aristocrats where the reach member of society and often didn't have to work because of its base point that reading socializing playing game and doing other think like a chess playing cricket all the things that could also of Education private tutor where Oxford Advanced materials and the number of books available to them where the aristocracy also on many fine things they would have had big house is shining jewelry mountains of food can imaging.
Conclusion :
Queen Victoria market Great Britain history by her personality and the way region over the country she was loved by her people and when she died in 1901 British citizen for the future of the country.
Queen Victoria market Great Britain history by her personality and the way region over the country she was loved by her people and when she died in 1901 British citizen for the future of the country.
Reference :
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_literature
http://www.online-literature.com/periods/victorian.php
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Wednesday, April 5, 2017
paper no.15 mass media and communication Explain article 19
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Explain article 19 (1) related to the freedom of press.
A Short History of Newspapers and Magazines
• The emergence of the new media branch in the 17th century has to be seen
in close connection with the spread of the printing press from which the
Publishing press derives it name. The first newspaper in France was published in 1631, La Gazette (originally Published as Gazette de France)
• The first newspaper in Portugal, A Gazeta da Restauração, was published in
1641 in Lisbon.
• The first Spanish newspaper, Gaceta de Madrid was published in 1661.The first successful English daily, The Daily Courant, was published from1702 to 1735.
Role of Press
· Watch dog of democratic society
Social Responsibility
· Investigation of scams
· To propagate social reforms
· Passing information
· Sharing information
· Motivating Power of the society
· Emphasizing education
· Opinion Builder
· Generate debate
· Act as people's mouth piece
· The press occupation is pivotal a position in the life of a nation
· And it’s people.
· Eradication of social evils
· Guardian of the rights and liberty of people
· Investigation of scams
· To propagate social reforms
· Passing information
· Sharing information
· Motivating Power of the society
· Emphasizing education
· Opinion Builder
· Generate debate
· Act as people's mouth piece
· The press occupation is pivotal a position in the life of a nation
· And it’s people.
· Eradication of social evils
· Guardian of the rights and liberty of people
Press Council of India
• It is a statutory body consisting of 28 members representing owners of the
Newspapers, news agencies, journalists, educationalists, legal experts and
Expats on various subjects
• Functions:
• This body has the power to warn and stop and censor any editor’s or
Journalist’s work who flouts the standard of journalistic ethics and public
Texts.
• Aims:
PCI has been established to preserve and improve freedom of press on one
Hand and on the other hand to maintain and improve the standard of
Newspaper and new agencies. The PCI takes care of the press codes and press
Ethics in the following manner:
• Freedom on information
• Freedom of access to information sources
• Objectivity, truthfulness and interpretation of facts
• Responsibility to public and it’s rights, interest and in relation to national,
racial and religious communities of the nation, the state and to maintain
peace.
Freedom of Press
• Article 19 (1) clearly states that right to freedom of speech and expression is
the fundamental right for every citizen of India.
• The same article states that Freedom of Press is included in there.
• Freedom of press is essential in any democratic society for healthy
development. It helps people at large to know about the undercurrents of the
national scenario.
• The press is a great social asset as it works as a watchdog on various activities
and authorities by exercising it’s role.
• Countries which curb the freedom of press suffer great losses in the long run.
With freedom of press we cannot overlook the security of the individual being
forgone, chaos in public life and disruption of harmony among many social
groups. If any news report causes the aforementioned factors, the press
should not allow it.
• Anything that disturbs security and integrity of the nation, communal
harmony, international relationship, chaos in public life or interference in
private life or matters in relation to the contempt of the court is considered
offense and legal action are provided
Therefore there are media laws which curtail press freedom.
Limitations to the freedom of expression in matters affecting:
• Sovereignty and integrity of the state
• Public order
• Security of the state
• Friendly relations with the foreign countries
• Morality
• Content of codes
• Incitement to offenses
Audit bureau of Circulation ltd. (ABC)
• Private body with 252 regional and national publishers, 208 leading
advertisers, news agencies and advertising agencies
• It surveys the circulation of publications in English, hindi and 12
regional languages, in more than 50 major Indian towns.
• ABC carries out circulation surveys on a regular basis and issues
‘Certificates of Net Paid Circulation’ every six months.
• It has a very high reputation for reliability and impartiality and is
therefore quotes with authority.
• Like NRS, ABC too is urban-oriented 90% of publications are not members of ABC; barely 20 of the English weeklies and an equal number of the Hindi dailies are enrolled asmembers.
• Yet it is contended by advertisers, that ABC covers the entire ‘Indian’
daily press.
• The fact is that a good number of members do not submit their
circulation figures for verification.
• ‘Not Received’ NR is a familiar feature in the auditor’s reports.
Press Trust of India
• (often abbreviated as PTI) is the largest news agency in India.
• It is headquartered in Delhi and is a non-profit cooperative among more than 450
Indian newspapers and has a staff of about 2,000 writers spread across 150 offices
nationwide.
• It took over the Indian operations of the Associated Press and Reuters soon after
India's independence on August 15, 1947.
• It provides news coverage and information of the region in both English and Hindi.
• It exchanges information with several other news agencies including 100 news
agencies based outside India, such as Associated Press, Agence France-Presse, The
New York Times and Bloomberg L.P..
• Major Indian subscribers of PTI include Times of India, the Indian Express, the
Hindustan Times, the All India Radio and Doordarshan. PTI has offices in Bangkok,
Beijing, Colombo, Dubai, Islamabad, Kuala Lumpur, Moscow, New York and
Washington D.C..
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