” History of Indian Regional Cinema”.

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                         NAME:GOHIL  BINKALBA NAREDRASHINH

COURSE: M.A ENGLISH

SEMESTER: 4

BATCH: 2016-2018

ENROLMENT NO-  2069108420170010

SUBMITTED TO – Dr. Dilip Barad
SMT .S.B.GARDI

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

MAHARAJA KRISHNAKUMARSINHJI BHAVNAGER UNIVERSITY

EMAIL ID –BinkalbaGohil1995@Gmail.Com

              PARER NO- 15 Mass Communication and Media Studies.

             TOPIC:” History of Indian Regional Cinema”.

                                                         

Introduction:

                         India is home to one of the largest film industries in the world. Every year thousands of movies are produced in India. Indian film industry comprises of Hindi films, regional movies and art cinema. The Indian film industry is supported mainly by a vast film-going Indian public, though Indian films have been gaining increasing popularity in the rest of the world, especially in countries with large numbers of emigrant Indians. 

                         India is a large country where many languages are spoken. Many of the larger languages support their own film industry. Some of the popular regional film industries in India are Bengali, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam and Punjabi. The Hindi/Urdu film industry, based in Mumbai, formerly Bombay, is called Bollywood. Similar neologisms have been coined for the Tamil film industry Kollywood and the Telugu film industry. Tollygunge is metonym for the Bengali film industry, long centered in the Tollygunge district of Kolkata. The Bengali language industry is notable as having nurtured the director Satyajit Ray, an internationally renowned filmmaker and a winner of many awards. 

                        The Bollywood industry is the largest in terms of films produced and box office receipts, just as Urdu/Hindi speakers outnumber speakers of other Indian languages. Many workers in other regional industries, once established, generally move to Bollywood for greater spotlight or opportunity. An interesting example of this phenomenon is the famous music director A.R. Rahman. He started his career in Tamil film industry and later moved to the Bollywood.

                    Here we discuses Indian Regional Cinema is that,  

Gujarati Cinema

Hindi Cinema

Bhojpuri Cinema

Bengali Cinema.                             

                                                                     

               

                           Let’s explain first Gujarati Cinema, Gujarati cinema, informally referred to as Dhollywood or Gollywood, is the Gujarati Language film industry. It is one of the major regional and vernacular film industries of the cinema of India having produced more than one thousand films since its inception. During the silent film era, many individuals in the industry were Gujarat is. The language-associated industry dates back to 1932, when the first Gujarati talkie, Narsinh Mehta was released. Until the independence of India in 1947, only twelve Gujarati films were produced.

                         There was a spurt in film production in the 1940s focused on saint, satior dacoit stories as well as mythology and folktales. In 1950s–1960s, the trend continued with the addition of films on literary works. In the 1970s, the Government of Gujarat announced a tax exemption and subsidies which resulted in an increase in the number of films, but the quality declined.

                        After flourishing through the 1960s–1980s, the industry saw a decline through 2000 when the number of new films dropped below twenty. The Gujarat state government announced a tax exemption again in 2005 which lasted till 2017. The industry has been partially revived in the 2010s due first to rural demand, and later to an influx of new technology and urban subjects in films. The state government announced a policy of incentives in 2016.

                           Even before the advent of talkies there were several silent films closely related to the Gujarati people and their culture, and many directors, producers and actors who were Gujarati and ParsiBetween 1913 and 1931 there were twenty leading film company and studios owned by Gujaratis—mostly in Bombay (now Mumbai)—and at least forty-four leading Gujarati directors.

Post-independence (1946–1970)

                         After the independence of India in 1947, there was a surge in the production of Gujarati films. Twenty-six films were produced in 1948 alone. Between 1946 and 1952, seventy-four films were produced including twenty-seven films related to saint, sati or dacoit stories. These stories were designed to appeal to rural audiences familiar with such subjects. Several films produced during this period were associated with myths or folktales people were familiar.

                    The scripts and stories of the Gujarati films include relationship and family oriented subjects, as well as human aspirations and Indian family culture. There were a large number of films based on mythological narratives and folklore produced in the early years of Gujarati cinema. The lives of popular saints and satis of Gujarat, like Narsinh Mehta and Gangasati, were made into films. They were targeted at rural audiences familiar with the subjects. The early filmmakers also included subjects dealing with social reforms. There were social films associated with family life and marriage such as Gunsundari and Kariyavar.

                  The historical, social and religious subjects dominated through 1940s and 1950s. Several Gujarati films were adapted from Gujarati novels such as Kashi no Dikro. There was a spurt again in the 1970s for saint/sati films. In 1980s and 90s, the films were influenced by the Hindi cinema and several action and romance films were produced. In the early 2000s, films were targeted chiefly at rural audiences demanding local narratives with local linguistic style. Following 2005, urban subjects were introduced leading to a revival of Gujarati cinema. In recent times, films which are more relevant to audiences are being produced

Meghdhanushya (2013) was the first Gujarati film focused on the LGBT community.

Hindi Cinema:

                            Cinema/movie has always been one of the greatest sources of entertainment since ages. The movies that released earlier are far more different than modern movies we see today. We the youngsters of today are more interested in action and rom-com movies.. But have we wondered how earlier movies used to be and how did films origin in India???No?? Then let’s have a flashback of our glorious 100 years of Indian cinema. Through this journey we will see the different aspects of cinema from its origin till modern day cinema... 1950- George Eastman discovered film in New York.

                        Camera was invented by William Frizgin William Frizgin is known “Father of Cinema”First movie was charge of dragons by lumiere brothers. Mahadev Patwardhan discovered art of films in 1885 First exhibition of films was by Lumiere brothers in Bombay in 1896. The great train robbery was the first movie with a story, David Grifith produced this movie. The era of cinema began Savedada’s short film on wrestling.  Dadasaheb Phalke is known as father of Indian cinema.  Satyavadi Raja Harishchandrawas first silent cinema.  Aredeshir Iirani released first Indian talking film Alam Ara on 14 march 1931.

 Pre -Independence Post –

                           Independence Early 20’s 1930’s. The thirties is recognized as the decade of social protest in the history of Indian Cinema  Three big banners - Prabhat, Bombay Talkies and New Theatres 1940’s  It had some bold themes  By the late 1940s, films were being made in various Indian languages with religion being the dominant theme. 1950’s Late 50’s saw the Golden Age of music. Achut Kanya Kisan Kanya Sheela Sita Bibaha S.D. Burman Mediocre films made to please the distributors. Malayalam cinema derived much of its strength from literature 1960-1970 Changing social norms and changing economies influenced movies and the companies that made them.

                     Masala films were the demand of the time. 1970-1980 The new cinema movement continued with full spirit in the next decade  90’s was a mixed genre of romantic, thrillers, action and comedy films. 1980-1990 This eras is known as “THE NEW MILLENNIUM”. Today Indian Cinema ,especially, Hindi cinema is not only popular in India but in parts of the Middle East, Pakistan, UK and virtually every other place where Indians live.

                  Films like Lagaan, Salaam Bombay and Monsoon Wedding put a stamp of confirmation that Bollywood had etched itself on the global podium. The time from 1950 to 1960 is regarded as golden era of Indian cinema. Some of the most critically acclaimed films of all times were produced during this period. The transition to color and the consequent preference for escapist entertainment and greater reliance on stars brought about a complete change in the film industry.

                  The year 1931 proved to be a landmark in film industry Talkies had same effect as they did in western countries and in no time they replaced silent films with a great speed.  Advent of films also led to inclusion of music.  J.J Madan’s Indrasabha {1932} featured total 71 songs.  The first colour film was made by ardeshir irani.It was named as Kisan Kanya (peasant girl).  Best known as the co-founder of the Bombay Talkies in 1934, along with Rajnarayan Dube and Devika Rani. He was married to actress  Devika Rani Chaudhuri (1908- 1994).  Ray directed 36 films, including feature films, documentaries and shorts.

                 He was also a fiction writer, publisher, illustrator, calligrapher, music composer, graphic designer and film critic.  Ray received many major awards in his career, including 32 Indian National Film Awards, a number of awards at international film festivals and award ceremonies. He directed his first film, "Netaji Palkar" in 1927. In 1929, he founded the Prabhat Film Company along with Vishnupant Damle, K.R. Dhaiber, S. Fatelal and S.B. Kulkarni, which made Ayodhyecha Raja, the first Marathi language film in 1932 under his direction.[ Jamshetdji Framji Madan Dadasahed Phalke  Raghupathi Venkaiah  Naidu Aredeshir Iraniv ShyamBengal Yashraj Chopra Known as the “First Lady of the Indian screen” She founded the Bombay Talkies film studio in the 1930s with her husband and became a mentor for upcoming actresses.

                                                               

                    Achoot Kanya (1936) is an interesting film of hers to watch for its technical structure. Was one of the early superstars in Indian cinema and India's first female film director. She established Fatima Films which later became known as Victoria-Fatima Films in 1928. Were an early singer, music composer, actress and filmmaker of Bollywood She was the first female music director in the Indian film industry, followed by Saraswati Devi,Madhubala , Nargis Dutt Mumtaz Meena Kumari,  Nutan  Vyjayanthimala,  Sharmila Tagore,  Shabana Azmi ,  Smita Patil,  Zeenat Aman, Sridevi  Madhuri Dixit ,Juhi Chawla,  Kajol, Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, Kareena Kapoor, Khan,  Priyanka Chopra, Deepika Padukone,  Katrina , Kaif Sonam Kapoor,  Lata Mangeshkar, Asha Bhosle,  Ekta Kapoor,  Farah Khan,  Gauri Khan, Zoya Aktar Reema Katgi  Kiran Rao,  Gauri Shinde.

                The cinema is the cheapest and the most popular form of amusement. Cinema is a universal teacher. It educates the people in different branches of learning. Social pictures throw light on social evils; these films ripen our eyes and create in us an urge for improvement. Most of the modern Indian movies ignore higher ideals. Bad films leave a very vitiating effect on the minds of youth. They give rise to different kinds of crimes. Indians during colonial rule brought equipment from Europe. Indian cinema’s early contacts with other regions became visible with its films making early inroads into the soviet union, middle east, south East Asia and China. Mainstream film stars like Rajnikanth and Raj Kapoor gained international fame across Asia. Parallel film makers like Satyajit ray achieved worldwide popularity, his films gaining success among European, American and Asian audiences. Danny boyle’s Oscar winning movie slumdog millionaire (2008) was also inspired by Indian films. Indian cinema was also recognised at American academy awards .Films like mother India (1957), salaam Bombay (1988) and lagan (2001) were nominated for academy awards for best foreign language film. Adhishree Neurgaonkar - 104 a Batul Kanchwala - 94 B Harmeet Kaur Saini - 123 B Krathikeya Kuckian – 138 A Prajakta S. Patange - 105 A Saily R. Chavan - 122 B Shardul Walke – 111.

 Bhojpuri Indian cinema:

                             Bhojpuri, often considered a dialect of Hindi, originates in western Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh in northern India. Speakers of it and its creoles are found in many parts of the world.

                         Including the United States, the United Kingdom, Fiji, Guyana, Mauritius, Africa, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago, and the Netherlands. During the late 1800s and early 1900s, many colonizers faced labour shortages due to the abolition of slavery; thus, they imported many Indians, many from Bhojpuri-speaking regions, as indentured servants to labor on plantations. Today, some 200 million people in the West Indies, Oceania, and South America speak Bhojpuri as a native or second language.

Bengali Cinema:

                                  The Bengali cinema has been dominated for over three decades now by Satyajit Ray, Mrinal Sen , Tapan Sinha and Ritwik Ghatak . Ghatak died in 1976 and Satyajit Ray in 1992. Talented young film makers who have joined the ranks of the ‘parallel’ cinema in recent years include Purnendu Pattrea , Buddhadeb Dasgupta , Nitish Mukherjee , Gautam Chakraborty , Aparna Sen , Sandip Ray and Rituparno Ghosh . But since all of them work at their art like lone wolves there no ‘movement’ worth the name to provide them the support that comes from a cooperative effort. The result is that their films win laurels abroad, but can find few exhibitors at home. The Nandan Film Centre in Calcutta has now come to their rescue. The Centre has exhibition and documentation facilities, conducts seminars and workshops which draw film makers from all over the country. The cinema of West Bengal refers to the Tollygunge – based Bengali film industry in Kolkata, West Bengal, and India. The origins of the nickname Tollywood, a Portmanteau of the words Tollygunge and Hollywood, dates back to 1932. The industry is known for producing many of Indian cinema’s most critically acclaimed Parallel cinema art films, with several of its filmmakers gaining international acclaim, most notably Satyajit Ray.

                     

Conclusion:

                       Indian cinema is world – famous for the staggering amount of films it produces: the number is constantly on the increase, and recent sources estimate that a total output of some 800 films a year are made in different cities including Madrass , Bangalore , Calcutta and Hyderabad . Of this astonishing number, those films made in Bombay, in a seamless blend of Hindi and Urdu, have the widest distribution within India and Internationally. The two sister languages are spoken in six northern states and understood by over 500 million people on the Indian sub – continent alone – reason enough for Hindi and Urdu to be chosen  Indian languages to become the languages of Indian Popular cinema.

Thank You...........

             

Works Cited

bhojpuri Cinema. 26 3 2018. 1 4 2018 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhojpuri_cinema>.

Gujarati Cinema. 20 3 2018. 2 4 2018 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_cinema>.

Paul, Sanchita. History of Indian Cinema. 2 2 2018. 2 4 2018 <https://www.mapsofindia.com/my-india/history/history-of-indian-cinema>.

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